Which Of The Following Correctly Compares The Structures Of Plant And Animal Cells?

4.3E: Comparison Plant and Brute Cells

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Although they are both eukaryotic cells, in that location are unique structural differences between animate being and plant cells.

Learning Objectives

Differentiate between the structures found in animal and institute cells

Central Points

Centrosomes and lysosomes are found in animal cells, but do not exist inside plant cells.
The lysosomes are the brute cell's "garbage disposal", while in constitute cells the same function takes place in vacuoles.
Found cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts and other specialized plastids, and a large cardinal vacuole, which are not found within animal cells.
The cell wall is a rigid covering that protects the jail cell, provides structural back up, and gives shape to the cell.
The chloroplasts, constitute in found cells, comprise a greenish paint called chlorophyll, which captures the light energy that drives the reactions of plant photosynthesis.
The central vacuole plays a key role in regulating a plant cell's concentration of water in irresolute environmental weather.

Key Terms

protist: Any of the eukaryotic unicellular organisms including protozoans, slime molds and some algae; historically grouped into the kingdom Protoctista.
autotroph: Any organism that can synthesize its food from inorganic substances, using estrus or light as a source of energy
heterotroph: an organism that requires an external supply of energy in the form of food, as it cannot synthesize its own

Animal Cells versus Plant Cells

Each eukaryotic cell has a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, a nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, peroxisomes, and in some, vacuoles; all the same, at that place are some striking differences between animal and plant cells. While both beast and plant cells have microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs), animal cells likewise have centrioles associated with the MTOC: a complex called the centrosome. Animate being cells each take a centrosome and lysosomes, whereas plant cells practise not. Establish cells take a cell wall, chloroplasts and other specialized plastids, and a large primal vacuole, whereas animal cells do non.

The Centrosome

The centrosome is a microtubule-organizing center found near the nuclei of animate being cells. Information technology contains a pair of centrioles, ii structures that lie perpendicular to each other. Each centriole is a cylinder of nine triplets of microtubules. The centrosome (the organelle where all microtubules originate) replicates itself before a cell divides, and the centrioles appear to take some role in pulling the duplicated chromosomes to opposite ends of the dividing cell. Still, the verbal function of the centrioles in prison cell partition isn't clear, because cells that have had the centrosome removed can still carve up; and plant cells, which lack centrosomes, are capable of cell division.

Lysosomes

Animal cells have some other prepare of organelles non institute in institute cells: lysosomes. The lysosomes are the cell's "garbage disposal." In plant cells, the digestive processes accept identify in vacuoles. Enzymes inside the lysosomes assist the breakup of proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and even worn-out organelles. These enzymes are agile at a much lower pH than that of the cytoplasm. Therefore, the pH within lysosomes is more than acidic than the pH of the cytoplasm. Many reactions that accept identify in the cytoplasm could non occur at a depression pH, so the advantage of compartmentalizing the eukaryotic cell into organelles is apparent.

The Cell Wall

The jail cell wall is a rigid roofing that protects the cell, provides structural support, and gives shape to the cell. Fungal and protistan cells also take cell walls. While the chief component of prokaryotic jail cell walls is peptidoglycan, the major organic molecule in the plant cell wall is cellulose, a polysaccharide comprised of glucose units. When you bite into a raw vegetable, like celery, it crunches. That's because you are tearing the rigid cell walls of the celery cells with your teeth.

Effigy \(\PageIndex{one}\): **Cellulose**: Cellulose is a long concatenation of β-glucose molecules connected by a 1-4 linkage. The dashed lines at each end of the figure bespeak a series of many more glucose units. The size of the page makes it impossible to portray an entire cellulose molecule.

Chloroplasts

Like mitochondria, chloroplasts accept their own Dna and ribosomes, but chloroplasts take an entirely different function. Chloroplasts are constitute cell organelles that behave out photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the series of reactions that use carbon dioxide, h2o, and light energy to make glucose and oxygen. This is a major difference between plants and animals; plants (autotrophs) are able to make their ain food, like sugars, while animals (heterotrophs) must ingest their food.

Like mitochondria, chloroplasts take outer and inner membranes, but within the space enclosed past a chloroplast'southward inner membrane is a prepare of interconnected and stacked fluid-filled membrane sacs chosen thylakoids. Each stack of thylakoids is called a granum (plural = grana). The fluid enclosed by the inner membrane that surrounds the grana is chosen the stroma.

Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): **The Chloroplast Structure**: The chloroplast has an outer membrane, an inner membrane, and membrane structures called thylakoids that are stacked into grana. The infinite inside the thylakoid membranes is called the thylakoid infinite. The light harvesting reactions have place in the thylakoid membranes, and the synthesis of carbohydrate takes identify in the fluid inside the inner membrane, which is called the stroma.

The chloroplasts incorporate a green paint called chlorophyll, which captures the light free energy that drives the reactions of photosynthesis. Like plant cells, photosynthetic protists as well have chloroplasts. Some bacteria perform photosynthesis, but their chlorophyll is not relegated to an organelle.

The Central Vacuole

The key vacuole plays a key role in regulating the jail cell'south concentration of water in changing environmental conditions. When you forget to water a plant for a few days, it wilts. That's because every bit the water concentration in the soil becomes lower than the h2o concentration in the found, water moves out of the primal vacuoles and cytoplasm. Equally the central vacuole shrinks, it leaves the jail cell wall unsupported. This loss of support to the cell walls of found cells results in the wilted appearance of the plant. The central vacuole likewise supports the expansion of the cell. When the central vacuole holds more h2o, the prison cell gets larger without having to invest a lot of energy in synthesizing new cytoplasm.

Source: https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%3A_General_Biology_(Boundless)/04%3A_Cell_Structure/4.3%3A_Eukaryotic_Cells/4.3E%3A_Comparing_Plant_and_Animal_Cells

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